Capital punishment, defined as death imposed as a criminal penalty, is a fairly recent and merciful innovation. Prior to the late 18th century (invention of the guillotine) death was a by product of the punishment. For an excellent, if somewhat gruesome, discussion see Dan Carlin’s “Hardcore History” podcast on the subject.
It is available here: https://www.dancarlin.com/product/ha...ainfotainment/
It is available here: https://www.dancarlin.com/product/ha...ainfotainment/


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