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  • bangel
    CGN/CGSSA Contributor - Lifetime
    CGN Contributor - Lifetime
    • Jun 2012
    • 156

    Natural Immunity Studies

    I wanted to share some research I've done over the last couple weeks on natural immunity. My questions were: does it exist, how good is it, does it compare to vaccine immunity, how long does it last. I think it's a shame that this information isn't being discussed by our public health officials nor by the news media.

    My summary: Natural immunity provides broad, diverse immunity, with neutralizing antibodies more effective in neutralizing COVID than vaccine-induced, even against variants. Natural immunity provides long-lasting circulating memory B cells and humoral T cells - likely to last dozens of years similar to SARS-CoV-1 natural immunity.


    Most recovered COVID-19 patients mount broad, durable immunity after infection
    Neutralizing antibodies show a bi-phasic decay with half-lives >200 days
    Spike IgG+ memory B cells increase and persist post-infection
    Durable polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells recognize distinct viral epitope regions

    Here we show that in convalescent individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (n = 77), levels of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) antibodies declined rapidly in the first 4 months after infection and then more gradually over the following 7 months, remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. Anti-S antibody titres correlated with the frequency of S-specific plasma cells in bone marrow aspirates from 18 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 at 7 to 8 months after infection. S-specific BMPCs were not detected in aspirates from 11 healthy individuals with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that S-binding BMPCs are quiescent, which suggests that they are part of a stable compartment. Consistently, circulating resting memory B cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 S were detected in the convalescent individuals. Overall, our results indicate that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.
    Recent surges in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) call for the need to evaluate levels of vaccine-and infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech, Beijing, China) is currently being used for mass vaccination in Thailand as well as other low-income countries. Three VOCs currently circulating within Thailand include the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) strains. We assessed NAb potency against the prototypic strain containing the original spike sequence (WT) compared to that against the 3 VOCs using sera derived from a cohort of healthcare workers who received a full 2-dose regimen of CoronaVac. Sera from two other cohorts consisting of COVID-19 patients who had been hospitalized in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated for comparison. We found that, despite equally robust production of S1-RBD-binding IgG and 100% seropositivity, sera from both CoronaVac vaccinees and naturally infected individuals had significantly reduced neutralizing capacity against all 3 VOCs compared to WT. Strikingly, NAb titers against Alpha and Beta were comparable, but Delta appears to be significantly more refractory to NAbs in all groups. Our results may help inform on CoronaVac NAb-inducing capacity, which is a proxy for vaccine efficacy, in the context of the WT strain and 3 VOCs. Our results also have critical implications for public health decision-makers who may need to maintain efficient mitigation strategies amid a potentially high risk for infection with VOCs even in those who have been previously infected. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand, the Mahidol University for Integrated and Multidisciplinary Research Cluster grant (MRC-IM 02/2564), the Program Management Unit C, and the Ramathibodi Foundation. Funding sources had no involvement in study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, nor in the writing of the manuscript and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: All methods were performed following standard protocols approved by the institutional review committee. The study protocol and human ethics were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital (COA. MURA2021/264) and the Ethics Committee of National Cancer Institute, Thailand (EC COA 019/2021). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article

    SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern exhibit reduced sensitivity to live-virus neutralization in sera from CoronaVac vaccinees and naturally infected COVID-19 patients [though natural immune people performed best]

    Longitudinal characterization of humoral and cellular immunity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveal immune persistence up to 9 months after infection
  • #2
    sd_shooter
    I need a LIFE!!
    • Dec 2008
    • 13552

    That's why I'm not getting the shot

    Comment

    • #3
      stix213
      AKA: Joe Censored
      CGN Contributor - Lifetime
      • Apr 2009
      • 18998

      So with 9 months for natural immunity, it sounds like someone like me who believes they caught this right at the start before the first lockdowns or widespread testing was available, I'm probably vulnerable to having to take a few paid days off to recover from this again. Good to know.

      Or was the 9 months in your last quote just the length of the study, with immunity lasting much longer?

      Comment

      • #4
        flyinbronco
        CGN/CGSSA Contributor - Lifetime
        CGN Contributor - Lifetime
        • Jun 2016
        • 187

        I'd like to know why the so called experts aren't talking about this. They're so busy pushing the jab but with the possibility of 100 million or more in the US having natural immunity is a game changer in herd immunity. It should be studied.

        Comment

        • #5
          sd_shooter
          I need a LIFE!!
          • Dec 2008
          • 13552

          Originally posted by flyinbronco
          I'd like to know why the so called experts aren't talking about this. They're so busy pushing the jab but with the possibility of 100 million or more in the US having natural immunity is a game changer in herd immunity. It should be studied.
          Tens of Trillions of dollars to be divided up between politicians and Big Pharma. Why on earth would any of them be motivated by something that is $0.00?

          Comment

          • #6
            mshill
            Veteran Member
            • Dec 2012
            • 4444

            Originally posted by bangel
            I wanted to share some research I've done over the last couple weeks on natural immunity. My questions were: does it exist, how good is it, does it compare to vaccine immunity, how long does it last. I think it's a shame that this information isn't being discussed by our public health officials nor by the news media.

            My summary: Natural immunity provides broad, diverse immunity, with neutralizing antibodies more effective in neutralizing COVID than vaccine-induced, even against variants. Natural immunity provides long-lasting circulating memory B cells and humoral T cells - likely to last dozens of years similar to SARS-CoV-1 natural immunity.







            Recent surges in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) call for the need to evaluate levels of vaccine-and infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech, Beijing, China) is currently being used for mass vaccination in Thailand as well as other low-income countries. Three VOCs currently circulating within Thailand include the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) strains. We assessed NAb potency against the prototypic strain containing the original spike sequence (WT) compared to that against the 3 VOCs using sera derived from a cohort of healthcare workers who received a full 2-dose regimen of CoronaVac. Sera from two other cohorts consisting of COVID-19 patients who had been hospitalized in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated for comparison. We found that, despite equally robust production of S1-RBD-binding IgG and 100% seropositivity, sera from both CoronaVac vaccinees and naturally infected individuals had significantly reduced neutralizing capacity against all 3 VOCs compared to WT. Strikingly, NAb titers against Alpha and Beta were comparable, but Delta appears to be significantly more refractory to NAbs in all groups. Our results may help inform on CoronaVac NAb-inducing capacity, which is a proxy for vaccine efficacy, in the context of the WT strain and 3 VOCs. Our results also have critical implications for public health decision-makers who may need to maintain efficient mitigation strategies amid a potentially high risk for infection with VOCs even in those who have been previously infected. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand, the Mahidol University for Integrated and Multidisciplinary Research Cluster grant (MRC-IM 02/2564), the Program Management Unit C, and the Ramathibodi Foundation. Funding sources had no involvement in study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, nor in the writing of the manuscript and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: All methods were performed following standard protocols approved by the institutional review committee. The study protocol and human ethics were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital (COA. MURA2021/264) and the Ethics Committee of National Cancer Institute, Thailand (EC COA 019/2021). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article



            https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...581v1.full.pdf
            OP, thanks for the links. This is what I have been looking for.
            The American Republic will endure until the day Congress discovers that it can bribe the public with the public's money.

            Comment

            • #7
              numpty
              CGN/CGSSA Contributor
              CGN Contributor
              • Jul 2012
              • 2132

              Originally posted by stix213
              So with 9 months for natural immunity, it sounds like someone like me who believes they caught this right at the start before the first lockdowns or widespread testing was available, I'm probably vulnerable to having to take a few paid days off to recover from this again. Good to know.

              Or was the 9 months in your last quote just the length of the study, with immunity lasting much longer?
              I think my family got it in February/March of 2020 but we never confirmed because no one was testing at that point. We just thought it was the flu. I'm glad the doctors didn't know it was covid or we would have been put on ventilators and probably dead by now. No, they just treated it like the flu except I got a round of Prednisone and a Z-pak because my lungs were really clogged up and the albuterol breathing treatment didn't do anything.

              All that being said, we got it again (this time confirmed) just a couple of weeks ago. This time was much more mild. I wouldn't have taken off of work if I didn't know it was Covid. My wife has a lingering cough/congestion which she typically doesn't get, but she's getting better too.

              So I'd say it's probably like the flu in that you could get it and then be susceptible again the following year but not have much to worry about until the season comes around again.
              The thief does not come except to steal, and to kill, and to destroy. I have come that they may have life, and that they may have it more abundantly.
              John 10:10


              iTrader: https://www.calguns.net/calgunforum/....php?t=1888351

              Comment

              • #8
                DaveInOroValley
                CGN/CGSSA Contributor
                CGN Contributor
                • Jan 2010
                • 8967

                Saved those links, thanks OP.
                NRA Life Member

                Vet since 1978

                "Don't bother me with facts, Son. I've already made up my mind." -Foghorn Leghorn

                Comment

                • #9
                  five.five-six
                  CGN Contributor
                  • May 2006
                  • 34781

                  There is absolutely no money in natural immunity.


                  You guys are a bunch of anti-VAX or conspiracy theorist.

                  Comment

                  • #10
                    Dan_Eastvale
                    I need a LIFE!!
                    • Apr 2013
                    • 10070

                    I know more about the effectiveness of immune system significantly more than the government or the CDC does.

                    Comment

                    • #11
                      bangel
                      CGN/CGSSA Contributor - Lifetime
                      CGN Contributor - Lifetime
                      • Jun 2012
                      • 156

                      Originally posted by stix213
                      So with 9 months for natural immunity, it sounds like someone like me who believes they caught this right at the start before the first lockdowns or widespread testing was available, I'm probably vulnerable to having to take a few paid days off to recover from this again. Good to know.

                      Or was the 9 months in your last quote just the length of the study, with immunity lasting much longer?
                      The 9 months was the length of the study. I also found another study today that confirmed 11 months of immunity - testing confirmed memory B cells and humoral immunity.

                      Many of the studies say the implication is that long-term immunity could last many, many years, with comparisons to SARS-CoV-1 immunity being proven to last 12+ years.

                      Comment

                      • #12
                        71MUSTY
                        Calguns Addict
                        • Mar 2014
                        • 7029

                        I am pretty sure my son and I had natural immunity. Had major exposure several times but tested negative for COVID and the antibodies each time. Whatever protected us was natural and not antibody driven.

                        Obviously nobody gets power from talking about the 30 to 50% of the population with natural immunity problem is there is no real way for an individual to test for it.

                        Logic says that would have been one of the first tests approved.
                        Only slaves don't need guns

                        Originally posted by epilepticninja
                        Americans vs. Democrats
                        We stand for the Anthem, we kneel for the cross


                        We already have the only reasonable Gun Control we need, It's called the Second Amendment and it's the government it controls.


                        What doesn't kill me, better run

                        Comment

                        • #13
                          Scota4570
                          Senior Member
                          • Sep 2006
                          • 1719

                          Natural immunity is not recognized. They would rather force a $10 shot on everyone. They know some will die for from the shot. They know that delta is not a real threat the the majority.

                          Now you know the value they place on your life, $10. ( Or, whatever the vax shot really costs)

                          Comment

                          • #14
                            bangel
                            CGN/CGSSA Contributor - Lifetime
                            CGN Contributor - Lifetime
                            • Jun 2012
                            • 156

                            Originally posted by 71MUSTY
                            I am pretty sure my son and I had natural immunity. Had major exposure several times but tested negative for COVID and the antibodies each time. Whatever protected us was natural and not antibody driven.

                            Obviously nobody gets power from talking about the 30 to 50% of the population with natural immunity problem is there is no real way for an individual to test for it.

                            Logic says that would have been one of the first tests approved.
                            We have had tests that can check for the spike RBD neutralizing antibodies. Those are the ones that fade away after some months.

                            The long lasting immunity studies can involve checking bone marrow for T-cells.

                            I'm going to look for a place that can do this test: https://www.t-detect.com/ they just got EUA approval a couple months ago from FDA.

                            Comment

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